Curso → Level 6 · Fluidez y modismos → Lección 4
Level 6 · Lesson 4 Refranes (I)
Proverbs (I)
Cómo funciona un refrán: orden fijo, rima y un significado que no está en las palabras.
Reading a refrán: fixed word order, rhyme, and a meaning you cannot get word by word.
Escucha · Listen
Antes del examen
I have the exam tomorrow and I still haven't studied a thing.
Saying and doing are two different things, aren't they?
I know, I know. Tomorrow I'm getting up at six.
God helps those who rise early.
So many proverbs! Who taught you all of them?
My grandfather. He had one for every moment of the day.
Well, wish me luck.
Good luck! And six o'clock tomorrow, right?
Explicación · Explanation
Un refrán es una frase corta que todo el mundo conoce y que nadie cambia. Su orden es fijo: nadie puede mover una palabra ni poner otra parecida. Muchos riman: dicho, hecho, trecho; madruga, ayuda. Y muchos no llevan verbo: «Al mal tiempo, buena cara».
A refrán is a short sentence that the whole language already knows and nobody edits. Three things make it what it is. Its word order is frozen: move a word or swap in a synonym and a native listener hears the mistake at once. It is built to be remembered, usually by rhyme — dicho, hecho, trecho; madruga, ayuda — or by two halves of the same length. And it often carries no verb at all: Al mal tiempo, buena cara, 'to bad weather, a good face', that is, chin up. These are the same three features that make a refrán so easy to learn whole.
El significado de un refrán no es la suma de sus palabras. «Más vale pájaro en mano que ciento volando» no habla de pájaros: dice que es mejor lo poco y seguro que lo mucho y dudoso. «Perro que ladra no muerde» no habla de perros: habla de la gente que grita mucho y hace poco.
Never read a refrán word by word — the words are the picture, not the message. Más vale pájaro en mano que ciento volando is literally 'one bird in the hand is worth more than a hundred in flight', and it advises you to take the small sure thing over the large doubtful one. Perro que ladra no muerde, 'a dog that barks does not bite', is about loud people who do nothing. No es oro todo lo que reluce, 'not all that shines is gold', warns you off appearances. And Del dicho al hecho hay mucho trecho, 'from the saying to the deed there is a long stretch', is the one you will hear most often: talk is cheap.
Un «dicho» es cualquier frase hecha; un «refrán» es un dicho que enseña algo. Por eso los refranes son la sabiduría de un pueblo. Para usar uno, ponlo al final de tu turno, como comentario: «como dice el refrán…». Uno queda bien; tres seguidos, no.
dicho is the wide word: any set phrase at all. refrán is the narrow one — a dicho with a lesson inside it — which is why Spanish calls the whole stock la sabiduría popular, a people's stored wisdom. To use one, place it at the end of your turn as a comment on what was just said, announced if you like with como dice el refrán or ya lo dice el refrán. One well-placed refrán makes you sound like a speaker. Three in a row make you sound like a phrasebook. Keep suerte close by while you are at it: ¡Suerte! or ¡Mucha suerte! before an exam, tener suerte for being lucky, and por suerte for 'luckily'.
Vocabulario · Vocabulary
| Palabra | Meaning | Nota · Note |
|---|---|---|
| refrán | proverb, saying | plural: refranes |
| dicho | saying, set phrase | todo refrán es un dicho, pero no al revés |
| sabiduría | wisdom | la sabiduría popular |
| suerte | luck | ¡suerte!, tener suerte, por suerte |
| madrugar | to get up early | madrugo, madrugas, madruga |
Práctica · Practice
Ponlo en práctica · Use it
Aprende dos refranes de memoria, con su rima: «Del dicho al hecho hay mucho trecho» y «A quien madruga, Dios le ayuda». Dilos en voz alta cinco veces. Después piensa en una situación de tu semana y di: «Como dice el refrán…» con el refrán que le va bien.
Learn two of these by heart, rhyme and all, and say each one five times aloud until it comes out in a single breath. Then think of something that actually happened to you this week — a promise nobody kept, an early start that paid off — and introduce the right refrán with como dice el refrán. Say it once, then stop. That pause after a proverb is half of its effect.