Curso → Level 6 · Fluidez y modismos → Lección 2
Level 6 · Lesson 2 Tú, usted, vos
Tú, usted, vos
Las tres maneras de decir «you»: el tuteo, el trato de usted y el voseo, cada uno con su mapa.
The three ways to say you — tuteo, usted and voseo — each labelled by region.
Escucha · Listen
La profesora nueva
Good morning. Are you Julián?
Yes, that's me. And you can use vos with me — nobody here calls me usted.
Sorry, I'm still getting used to it. In Bogotá I use usted even with my mother.
Really? Here that sounds very distant.
In that case… do you have any brothers or sisters?
Very good! I have one in Medellín, and he uses vos as well.
In Medellín too? I thought it was only in Argentina.
You already know more than most people. And now we're on close terms.
Explicación · Explanation
El español tiene tres maneras de decir «you» a una sola persona. «Tú» es el trato de confianza: tú hablas, tú tienes, tú eres. «Usted» es el trato de respeto y lleva el verbo de él y de ella: usted habla, usted tiene, usted es. «Vos» es otro trato de confianza, con formas propias: vos hablás, vos comés, vos vivís, vos sos.
Spanish has three singular yous, and every speaker uses at least two of them. tú is the close form, with the verbs you learned in level 2. usted is the respect form, and it borrows the verb of él and ella. vos is a second close form with a conjugation of its own, and it is beautifully regular: the stress lands on the ending, so no vowel ever breaks into a diphthong. Compare tú puedes with vos podés, tú quieres with vos querés, tú tienes with vos tenés. The pattern is one line long — an -ar verb gives -ás (hablás), an -er verb gives -és (comés), an -ir verb gives -ís (vivís). The single form to learn apart is vos sos.
El tuteo se oye en casi todos los países de habla española. El voseo es lo normal en Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay y casi toda Centroamérica, y vive también en zonas de Colombia, como Medellín, y de Bolivia. Y en Colombia y en Costa Rica el usted se oye entre amigos y en familia.
Geography decides this, not politeness. tuteo is the default across most of the Spanish-speaking world, Spain included. voseo is the everyday form in Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and most of Central America, and it is alive in parts of Colombia — Medellín and the region around it — and of Bolivia. In some places usted has spread the other way: much of Colombia and nearly all of Costa Rica use usted with friends, with children and inside the family, with no distance intended whatsoever. The plural is simpler than the singular: ustedes is the only plural in the whole of America, and in the Canary Islands and much of western Andalusia; vosotros belongs to the rest of Spain.
«Tutear» es tratar de tú. Si alguien te dice «puedes tutearme» o «nos tuteamos», ya hay confianza. Con una persona mayor o desconocida, empieza por usted: pasar de usted a tú es fácil, y volver atrás es incómodo.
tutear is the verb for using tú with someone: puedes tutearme, ¿nos tuteamos? Its two counterparts, vosear and ustedear, are far rarer words. The practical rule for a learner fits in a sentence: start with usted with anyone older or unknown, and let the other person invite you down. Going from usted to tú is a small friendly step; climbing back up is awkward for everybody. And you never need to produce vos yourself — every vos speaker understands tú perfectly and hears it as ordinary Spanish from a foreigner. What you do need is to recognise sos, tenés and querés the moment they arrive.
Vocabulario · Vocabulary
| Palabra | Meaning | Nota · Note |
|---|---|---|
| vos | you (informal singular) | Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Centroamérica |
| voseo | the use of vos instead of tú | vos hablás, vos sos |
| tutear | to address someone as tú | el tuteo; puedes tutearme |
| confianza | closeness, trust | tener confianza con alguien |
| trato | way of addressing someone | el trato de tú, el trato de usted |
Práctica · Practice
Ponlo en práctica · Use it
Di la misma frase de tres maneras, en voz alta: «¿Tú tienes tiempo?», «¿Usted tiene tiempo?», «¿Vos tenés tiempo?». Repite con hablar, comer y ser. Después elige: con un amigo, tú; con la vecina mayor, usted.
Take one short question and say it three ways out loud — with tú, with usted and with vos — then do the same with hablar, comer and ser until the three shapes feel different in your mouth. Produce only the first two; keep the third for listening. Then decide, out loud, which one you would use with each of these: a classmate, a police officer, your grandmother, a waiter in Buenos Aires.